Engelsk tittel Civil Support to Armed Forces – A Functional Approach for Modelling Total Defence Systems

The defence of Norway is built upon national defence, NATO’s collective security, and bilateral support and reinforcements from closed allies. These three lines of defence efforts are under-pinned by the total defence concept that builds national resilience. With increasing interdepend-encies between critical infrastructures and the fragmented governance of risks across public sectors, current strategies for strengthening resilience are at risk of becoming insufficient. To better inform policies for improving national resilience, there is a need for modelling methods that build upon complexity theory-based system-of-systems approaches. To this end, this work has proposed a system-scale and cross-sector functional approach for modelling total defence systems. The functional approach is established on the basis of an ab-straction-decomposition space for critical infrastructure systems. The purpose of the system as a whole is to ensure the defence of Norway through continuous effort during peacetime, crisis and armed conflict. The values and priority measures of the system is to maintain civil support to the Norwegian Armed Forces, NATO and closed allies throughout the whole crisis spectrum. Based on NATO’s baseline requirements, the following minimum set of total defence functions has been identified at a sectoral level: Energy supplies, food supplies, water supplies, health services, electronic communication services, transport services, financial services and position-ing, navigation and timing (PNT) services. In addition, this work has proposed how analyses of the total defence system can be related to scenario and capability analyses that are used for defence planning. This work has also proposed four principles for analyses of the total defence that support the national and allied defence efforts. These principles are: • Same assumptions; the assumptions that underlie defence planning must also form the basis for the analyses of the total defence that support the national and allied defence efforts • Balance between the armed forces’ need for civil support and the civil society’s ability to provide it • Realism, including understanding and taking into account the operating environment, and assess the real ability of the total defence to support national and allied defence ef-forts • Long-term perspective; a 20-year time perspective is normally used in Norway to as-sess the feasibility of defence plans By applying these principles and by modelling the proposed minimum total defence system, it is possible to shed new light on how Norway’s total defence should improve for the future.